Vi khuẩn Gram âm (Gram-Negative Bacteria)
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Cập nhật: 12/10/2026 16:49
Bacteria that do not retain crystal violet and appear pink after counterstaining.
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. This outer membrane affects antibiotic susceptibility, immune activation, and environmental resistance. Examples include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio.