Lên men (Fermentation)
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Cập nhật: 07/11/2026 18:51
An anaerobic metabolic process that generates energy without an external electron acceptor.
Fermentation oxidizes organic molecules and regenerates cofactors such as NAD+ without oxygen. Products may include ethanol, lactic acid, acetic acid, gases, or other metabolites. Fermentation is central to food production, industrial biotechnology, microbial ecology, and pathogen metabolism.